ABSTRACT
Thyroid gland is an important endocrine organ. Its hormone thyroxine is essential for life. The structure and function of thyroid gland were discovered during 17th to 20th centuries. Thyroid surgery is being done since early 19th century, perfected by Theodre Kocher in early 20th century . Thyroid is the first endocrine gland to develop in embryo and is endodermal origin. The surgically important anatomical relations of thyroid are recurrent laryngeal nerve, parathyroid glands and external laryngeal nerve with variations. Thyroid gland secrets thyroxine hormone which contains Iodine. Thyroxine has effects on all organs of body and its secretion is regulated by Pituitary. Present article throws light on some historical aspects, embryology, anatomy and physiology of thyroid gland based on relevant articles and textbooks.
ABSTRACT
Multi-nodular goiter is a common endocrine disorder worldwide. It is endemic in certain populations. It is more common in women and presents mainly in 4th and 5th decades of life. Various factors have been implicated for the development of multi-nodulor goiter, most common being Iodine deficiency. Nodular goiter results from uni or multifocal hyperplasia of follicular cells which may have autonomy of growth and autonomy of function. The process can be divided into five stages which result in the classic appearance and histology of multi-nodulor goiter. Present article deals with epidemiology, etiology, pathogenesis and pathology of multi-nodulor goiter based on relevant articles searched on pubmed.